Network System for Secure Communication

Network System for Secure Communication Methodology: The main methodology involved behind this research project is to provide the importance of such technology from professionals and well referred articles. Some of the general interviews will be added to the project with details showing their interest towards the current technology and also the change they see in communicating with the new technology. It on the hands of the components of IP Security that contribute to this level of secure communication: The IP Security (IPSec) Driver is used to monitor, filter, and secures the traffic throughout the system. The (ISAKMP/Oakley) abbreviated as Internet Security Association Key Management Protocol performs key exchange and management functions that oversee security issues between hosts, and provide keys which can be used with security algorithms. The IP Security Policy and the Security Associations are derived from those policies that define the security environment where two hosts can communicate. The function of Security Association API is to provide the interface between the IPSec driver, the Policy Agent and the ISAKMP. The function of the management tools is to create policies, monitor IP Security statistics, and log IP Security events. The main methodologies which are under consideration for this project are Classical encryption technologies, IP sec Tunnel, IP sec VPN, Internet Key Exchange methods, Block Cipher Data Encryption, Advanced Encryption, Symmetric ciphers, Public private key functions, Digital signature etc, which have suggested me to design a better system. Implementation: The main reason behind selecting IPSec is that it so powerful that it provides security to IP layer, and also forms the basis for all the other TCP/IP protocols. This is generally composed of two protocols: Authentication Header (AH); Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP); IPSec Implementation Methods: IPSec is comprised of several implementations architectures which are defined in RFC 2401. The IPSec implementation also depends on various factors including the version of IP used (v4 versus v6), the basic requirements of the application and other factors. End Host Implementation: Implementing IPSec in all host devices provides the most flexibility and security. It enables â€Å"end-to-end† security between any two devices on the network. Router Implementation: Router implementation however is a much simpler task since we only make changes to a few routers instead of hundreds or thousands of clients. It only provides protection between pairs of routers that implement IPSec, but this may be sufficient for certain applications such as virtual private networks (VPNs). The idea will be implemented after proper testing of various available methodologies. The current strategy for implementation is as follows:. We use certain open source softwares which provide encryption and decryption methods and authentication. In the actual system, the user is asked to enter details of files to be sent and also some other details about the password and the public keys if included. The required software are used in a way which helps to run a smooth process and secure operation. CONTENTS Acknowledgement I owe many thanks to people who helped supported me in doing my dissertation. Firstly, I would like to express my immense gratitude to my respected professor Mr. Dr. XXX, YYYY University, London for his support and motivation that has helped me to come up with this project. He supported me when its needed and suggested me in understanding various methodologies in my project. He also took care of my project with attention to achieve my goal. I thank to my Institution and faculty members for giving me an opportunity to do my dissertation and also for library, computer lab facilities for doing my dissertation to achieve practical results which can resolve my project related issues. I also extend my Heart full thanks to my family friends. I owe my special thanks to my Dad and his colleagues who gave me suggestions on doing my Dissertation. Abstract In the present system the network helps a particular organization to share the data by using external devices. The external devices are used to carry the data. The existing system cannot provide security, which allows an unauthorized user to access the secret files. It also cannot share a single costly printer. Many interrupts may occur within the system. Though it is advantageous we have numerous disadvantageous, somebody writes a program and can make the costly printer to misprint the data. Similarly some unauthorized user may get access over the network and may perform any illegal functions like deleting some of the sensitive information Security is the term that comes into picture when some important or sensitive information must be protected from an unauthorized access. Hence there must be some way to protect the data from them and even if he hacks the information because he should not be able to understand whats the actual information in the file, which is the main intention of the project. The project is designed to protect the sensitive information while it is in transaction in the network. There are many chances that an unauthorized person can have an access over the network in some way and can access this sensitive information. My main topic focuses on IPSec (Internet Protocol Security) is an extension to the IP protocol specified by IETF which provides security to the IP and the upper-layer protocols and cryptography in a network sharing system. It was first developed for the new IPv6 standard and then â€Å"back ported† to IPv4. The IPSec architecture is described in the IPSec uses two different protocols AH (Authentication Header) and ESP (Encapsulating security payload) to ensure the authentication, integrity and confidentiality of the communication. It uses strong cryptography to provide both authentication and encryption services. Authentication ensures that packets are from the right sender and have not been altered in transit. Encryption prevents unauthorised reading of packet contents. [2] Cryptography is the technique used to secure the data while they are in transactions. Encryption and Decryption are two techniques used under cryptography technology. Data cryptography is the art of securing the resource that is shared among the applications. The main idea behind the design is to provide a secured communication between the networks showing network level performance practically by differentiating different operating system which can ensure the security, authenticity by considering, analyzing and testing any best available methodologies. 1. Introduction: Businesses today are focused on the importance of securing customer and business data. Increasing regulatory requirements are driving need for security of data. There have been many methods which have evolved over the years to address the need for security. Many of the methods are focused at the higher layers of the OSI protocol stack, thus compensating the IPs lack in resolving security issues. These solutions can be implemented in certain situations, but they cannot be generalized because they are particularly too many applications. For example, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) can be used for certain applications like World Wide Web access or FTP, but there are many other applications which cannot be resolved with this type of security. A solution is required to allow security at the IP level was very necessary so that all higher-layer protocols in TCP/IP could take advantage of it. When the decision was made to develop a new version of IP (IPv6), this was the golden opportunity to resolve not just the addressing problems in the older IPv4, but also resolve lack of security issues as well. Later a new security technology was developed with IPv6 in mind, but since IPv6 has taken long time to develop, and thus a solution was designed to be usable for both IPv4 and IPv6. The technology which brings a secure communications to the Internet Protocol is known as IP Security, commonly abbreviated as IPSec. IPSec services allow users to build secure tunnels through certain networks. All the data that passes through the entrusted net is encrypted by the IPSEC gateway machine and decrypted by the gateway at the other end. The result obtained is a Virtual Private Network or VPN. This network is effectively private even though it includes machines at several different sites which are connected by the insecure Internet. Cryptography technique is used to secure the data while they are in transactions. Encryption and Decryption are two techniques which are used under cryptography technology. Data cryptography is the art of securing the resource that is shared among the applications. The Encryption and Decryption are termed as two powerful security technologies that are widely implemented to protect the data from loss and deliberate compromise. In this project the networking allows the company to share files or data without using certain external devices. Some unauthorized users may get access over the network and perform some illegal functions in certain cases like deleting files while the transaction is still on at that time encryption and then decryption techniques are implemented to secure the data. Many other attacks in cryptography are considered which lead me to research on different types of IPSec implementation methodologies in order to design the best model such that it may be suitable for the present trend of networking systems also form a platform to enable communication to the outside world. Thus in orders to implement IPSec, certain modifications are required to the systems communications routines and certain new systems processes conduct secret key negotiations. What is IPSec? An extension to the IP protocol is considered as IPSec which provides high level security to the IP and to the upper-layer protocols. This was initially developed for the new IPv6 standard and then was back ported to IPv4. IPSec provides the following security services: data origin authentication, connectionless integrity, replay protection, data confidentiality, limited traffic flow confidentiality, and key negotiation and management. It has been made mandatory by the IETF for the use of IPSec wherever feasible; the standards documents are close to completion, and there are numerous implementations. Overview of IPSec Architecture: The IPSec suite defined as a framework of open standards. The following protocols are used by IPSec to perform various functions. [2][3] IPSec provides three main facilities which are explained below: Internet key exchange(IKE and IKEv2) : This is used to set up a security association (SA) which can be done by handling negotiation of protocols and algorithms and generating the encryption and authentication keys which can be used by IPSec.[4][5] Authentication Header (AH): This is used to provide connectionless integrity and data origin authentication for IP datagrams and also provides protection against replay attacks.[6][7] Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP): This is used to provide confidentiality, data origin authentication, connectionless integrity, anti-replay service, and limited traffic flow confidentiality. [9] Both authentication and encryption are generally desired in this mechanism. Assure that unauthorized users do not penetrate the virtual private network Assure that eavesdroppers on the Internet cannot read messages sent over the virtual private network. Since both the above features are generally desirable, most implementations are likely to use ESP rather than AH. Security Association: The security Association mechanism is used for authentication (AH) and confidentiality (ESP) A one way relationship between a sender and a receiver that affords security services to the traffic carried on it. Security services are afforded to an SA for the use of AH or ESP but not both. SA identified by three parameters: Security Parameter Index (SPI) IP destination address Security protocol identifier Overview of IPSec Services and Functions: IPSec is not only assumed as a single protocol, but is rather considered as a set of services and protocols which provide a complete security solution to the IP network. These services and protocols are combined to provide various types of protection. Since IPSec usually works at the IP layer, it provides protection for any higher layer TCP/IP application or protocol without using any additional security methods, which is considered as a major strength for its implementation. General types of protection services offered by IPSec include: Encryption of user data to achieve privacy. Authentication and message integrity has to be achieved to ensure that it is not changed on route. Protection against certain types of security attacks, such as replay attacks. The ability of the devices to negotiate the security algorithms and keys required in order to meet their security needs. wo security modes called tunnel and transport are implemented to meet the various network needs. Features Benefits: IPSec is observed to be transparent by the end users. The users on the security mechanisms need not be trained. IPSec assures security measures for individuals. There is no requirement to change the software on a user or a server system. Strong security measures are applied to the entire traffic crossing the perimeter. 2. Objective: IPSec is mostly designed in order to encrypt the data between the two systems without any spoofing attacks. It is a key force of defence against internal and external attacks. However, other than these, there are many other security strategies which have prevented the security attacks. The main idea in my research is to provide a better approach to the implementation of IP Security by analyzing the present methodologies. In the implementation of this design, I am also considering different operating systems to provide a better approach towards security which can prove to be good in ideal ways. The design of such an approach is helpful in restricting any unauthorised access to the network and also helps in providing a secure and authenticated access. The main idea behind the design is to provide a secured communication between the networks independent of the operating system which can ensure the security, authenticity by considering, analyzing and testing any two best available methodologies. In my overview of RFCs available in the Internet such as Cryptography the receiver end of a particular communication channel is not aware of the sender unless the sender transmits some information with private and public keys with cipher text which can prove his authenticity. Now the receiver sends the same package with his signature and then the receiver is also authenticated mutually. Attacks may occur in different ways. There are also many ways where in such communications can be detected and using techniques like eavesdropping or sniffing or man in the middle attack. These are the three major problems for secure communications. In my research, I will attempt to design a procedure which can be easily followed in order to overcome such problems. There are many techniques available now which are better than normal communication. The major problem in such techniques is the implementation of man in the middle attack. There have been many advances to try and rectify the problems but there has always been a flaw in the design. My research is to design a system using the current technologies used to encrypt and authenticate. These techniques play a major role in the implementation of IP Security. The major interest would be in areas like encryption, decryption and authentication. Additions will be done to this research as it is implemented. The goal is to use research existing systems and to suggest a system which makes it even hard to break. It is not 100% immune to attacks but the attack may take longer to break the system than the present rate. This system will also be very safe and will be easy to use in daily life rather than something with a dozen processing steps to be followed. 2.2 SCOPE With the rapid development of Multimedia data management technologies over the internet there is need to concern about the internet there is need to concern about the security and privacy of information. In multimedia document, dissipation and sharing of data is becoming a common practice for internet based application and enterprises. As the internet forms the open source the present for all users security Forms the critical issue. Hence the transfer of information over the internet forms the critical issue. At the present situations the cryptographic techniques are used for providing ‘SECURITY. 2.3 PROJECT PERSPECTIVE The project â€Å"Network system for Secure Communication† is totally enhanced with the features that enable us to feel the real-time environment. Todays world is mostly employing the latest networking techniques instead of using stand-alone PCs. IPSec tunnelling or Encryption, information scrambling technology is an important security tool. By properly applying, it can provide a secure communication channel even when the underlying system and network infrastructure is not secure. This is particularly important when data passes through the shared systems or network segments where multiple people may have access to the information. In these situations, sensitive data and especially passwords should be encrypted in order to protect it from unintended disclosure or modification. 2.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM In this system ‘security is the term that comes into picture when some important or sensitive information must be protected from an unauthorized access. Hence there must be some way to protect the data from them and even if he hacks the information, The proposed system provides the ‘security and it does not allow unauthorized users to access the secret files. As per the ISO standards the security parameters are: Confidentiality Authentication Integrity Key distribution Access control CONFIDENTIALITY: Confidentiality is the protection of transmitted data from passive attacks. It can protect the data from unauthorized disclosure. AUTHENTICATION: A process used to verify the integrity of the transmitted data, especially a message. It is the process of proving ones identity to someone else. INTEGRITY: The sender and the receiver want to ensure that the content of their communication is not altered during transmission. KEY DISTRIBUTION: Key distribution can be defined as a term that refers to means of delivering a key to the communicating parties, without allowing others to see the key. ACCESS CONTROL: It is a ability to limit and control the access to host systems and applications via communication links. 3.Literature Review This project emphasis design and evaluates a computer-based system using appropriate process and tools. Most of the industry wide routers in the network implement their functionality in hardware and therefore we believe that hardware based routers are more efficient than a software-based router implementation besides that most of the work is in the research community which will be performed, using software-based routers utilizing off-the-shelf PCs. Various works have to be attempted which evaluates different protocol stack, however none of them use hardware-based routers, has such a wide range of metrics, and none investigated mechanisms. My research methodology emphasis surveys, forums from the internet and articles from IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersorIEEE) a quantitative approach in advance technology. I also consider various other thesis and books which are best suitable for my project. Here following are the network related definitions, and few protocols from application layer, network and internet layer also discussed which actually gives clear idea of understanding the concepts. 3.1 IPSec Standards: IPSec is actually a collection of techniques and protocols; it is not defined in a single Internet standard. Instead, a collection of RFCs defines the architecture, services and specific protocols used in IPSec. Some of the most important of these are shown below: [RFC 2401] Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol (IPSec overview) The main IPSec document describes the architecture and general operation of the technology, and showing how the different components fit together. [RFC 2402] IP Authentication Header It defines the IPSec Authentication Header (AH) protocol used for ensuring data integrity and origin verification. [RFC 2403] The Use of HMAC-MD5-96 within ESP and AH Describes a particular encryption algorithm for use by AH and ESP called Message Digest 5 (MD5), HMAC variant. [RFC 2404] The Use of HMAC-SHA-1-96 within ESP and AH Describes a particular encryption algorithm for use by AH and ESP called Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1), HMAC variant. [RFC 2406] IP Encapsulating and Security payload (ESP) It describes the IPSec Encapsulation Security Payload (ESP) protocol that provides data encryption for confidentiality. [RFC 2408] Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP) It defines methods for exchanging keys and negotiating security associations. [RFC 2409] The Internet Key Exchange (IKE) Describes the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol used to negotiate security associations and exchange keys between devices for secure communications. It is based on ISAKMP and OAKLEY. [RFC 2412] The OAKLEY Key Determination Protocol It describes a generic protocol for key exchange. [RFC 2131] Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) DHCP allows a host to obtain an IP address automatically, as well as to learn additional information about subnet mask, the address of its first-hop router, and the address of its local DNS server. [RFC 2131; RFC 3022] Network Address Translation (NAT)- In an attempt to provide transparent routing to hosts, NAT devices are used to connect an isolated address realm with private unregistered addresses to an external realm with globally unique registered addresses. Domain Name System (DNS): It is a hierarchical naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various other information with domain names assigned to each of the participants. Most importantly, it translates domain names meaningful to humans into the numerical (binary) identifiers associated with networking equipment for the purpose of locating and addressing these devices worldwide. For example, www.example.com translates to 208.77.188.166. Windows Internet Name Service (WINS): It is Microsofts implementation of NetBIOS Name Service (NBNS), a name server and service for NetBIOS computer names. Effectively WINS is to NetBIOS names, like DNS is to domain names in fact its a central mapping of host names to network addresses. Like DNS it is broken into two parts, a Server Service (that manages the encoded Jet Database, server to server replication, service requests, and conflicts) and a TCP/IP Client component which manages the clients registration and renewal of names, and takes care of queries. VPN (Virtual Private Network) : It is a virtual computer network that exists over the top of an existing network. The purpose of a VPN is to allow communications between systems connected to the VPN using an existing shared network infrastructure as the transport, without the VPN network being aware of the existence of the underlying network backbone or without the VPN interfering with other network traffic on the backbone. A VPN between two networks is often referred to as a VPN Tunnel. Most VPN technologies can be separated into two broad categories, Secure VPNs and Trusted VPNs. Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6): It is the next-generation Internet Protocol version designated as the successor to IPv4. It is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworks. The main driving force for the redesign of Internet Protocol was the foreseeable IPv4 address exhaustion. IPv6 was defined in December 1998 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) with the publication of an Internet standard specification, RFC 2460. IPv6 has a vastly larger address space than IPv4. This results from the use of a 128-bit address, whereas IPv4 uses only 32 bits. This expansion provides flexibility in allocating addresses and routing traffic and eliminates the primary need for network address translation (NAT), which gained widespread deployment as an effort to alleviate IPv4 address exhaustion. Due to its security and flexibility entire Internet will be deployed byIPv6 in 2012 as expected. Tunnelling: In computer networks tunnelling protocol (delivery protocol) encapsulates the different payload protocol i.e., It carries a payload over an incompatible delivery-network. It can also provide a secure path through an untrusted network without any data loss. Transport Layer Security (TLS): Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are cryptographic protocols that provide security for communications over networks such as the Internet. TLS and SSL encrypt the segments of network connections at the Transport Layer end-to-end. Encryption: In cryptography, encryption is the process of transforming information (referred to as plaintext) using an algorithm (called cipher) to make it unreadable to anyone except those possessing special knowledge, usually referred to as a key. The result of the process is encrypted information (in cryptography, referred to as cipher text). In many contexts, the word encryption also implicitly refers to the reverse process, decryption. Internet Key Exchange: Internet Key Exchange (IKE or IKEv2) is the protocol used to set up a security association (SA) in the IPSec protocol suite. IKE uses a Diffie-Hellman key exchange to set up a shared session secret, from which cryptographic keys are derived. Public key techniques or, alternatively, a pre-shared key, are used to mutually authenticate the communicating parties. 4.IPSec System Architecture Authentication Header and Encapsulating Security Payload are commonly called â€Å"protocols†, though this is another case where the validity of this term is debatable. They are not really distinct protocols but are implemented as headers that are inserted into IP datagrams, as we will see. They thus do the â€Å"grunt work† of IPSec, and can be used together to provide both authentication and privacy. IPSec protocols: The IPSec protocol family consists of two protocols: Authentication Header (AH) and Encapsulated Security Payload (ESP). Both these protocols are independent IP. AH is the IP protocol 51 and ESP is the IP protocol 50 Authentication Header: This is a member of the IPSec protocol suite. Authentication Header provides connectionless data integrity and data origin authentication of IP packets. Further, it can also provide protection against the replay attacks by using the sliding window technique and by discarding the old packets. Authentication Header also gives protection for the IP payload and all the header fields of an IP datagram. AH generally operates on the stop of IP, by using the IP protocol number 51. An AH packet diagram is shown below which describes how an AH packet can be constructed and interpreted: Field meanings: Next header: This field is an 8-bit field that mainly identifies the type of the next payload obtained after the Authentication Header. The value of this field can be chosen from the set of defined IP Protocol Numbers. RESERVED These fields are usually reserved for the future use. Payload length This defines the size of Authentication Header packet. Sequence number This field represents a monotonically increasing number which is used to prevent certain replay attacks. Security parameters index (SPI) This field is used to identify the security parameters, in combination with the IP address, and then identify the security association techniques implemented with this packet. Authentication data This field contains the integrity check value (ICV) which is necessary to authenticate the packet. This field may also contain padding. Encapsulating Security Payload: ESP which can be expanded as Encapsulating Security Payload is a member belonging of the IPSec protocol suite. IPSec achieves integrity, origin authenticity, and confidentiality protection of packets. This protocol also supports encryption-only and authentication-only configurations. However usage of only encryption technique without authentication is not recommended because it is termed insecure. ESP does not protect the IP packet header like the Authentication Header (AH) does. The packet diagram below shows how an ESP packet is constructed and interpreted: Field meanings: Security paramete Network System for Secure Communication Network System for Secure Communication Methodology: The main methodology involved behind this research project is to provide the importance of such technology from professionals and well referred articles. Some of the general interviews will be added to the project with details showing their interest towards the current technology and also the change they see in communicating with the new technology. It on the hands of the components of IP Security that contribute to this level of secure communication: The IP Security (IPSec) Driver is used to monitor, filter, and secures the traffic throughout the system. The (ISAKMP/Oakley) abbreviated as Internet Security Association Key Management Protocol performs key exchange and management functions that oversee security issues between hosts, and provide keys which can be used with security algorithms. The IP Security Policy and the Security Associations are derived from those policies that define the security environment where two hosts can communicate. The function of Security Association API is to provide the interface between the IPSec driver, the Policy Agent and the ISAKMP. The function of the management tools is to create policies, monitor IP Security statistics, and log IP Security events. The main methodologies which are under consideration for this project are Classical encryption technologies, IP sec Tunnel, IP sec VPN, Internet Key Exchange methods, Block Cipher Data Encryption, Advanced Encryption, Symmetric ciphers, Public private key functions, Digital signature etc, which have suggested me to design a better system. Implementation: The main reason behind selecting IPSec is that it so powerful that it provides security to IP layer, and also forms the basis for all the other TCP/IP protocols. This is generally composed of two protocols: Authentication Header (AH); Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP); IPSec Implementation Methods: IPSec is comprised of several implementations architectures which are defined in RFC 2401. The IPSec implementation also depends on various factors including the version of IP used (v4 versus v6), the basic requirements of the application and other factors. End Host Implementation: Implementing IPSec in all host devices provides the most flexibility and security. It enables â€Å"end-to-end† security between any two devices on the network. Router Implementation: Router implementation however is a much simpler task since we only make changes to a few routers instead of hundreds or thousands of clients. It only provides protection between pairs of routers that implement IPSec, but this may be sufficient for certain applications such as virtual private networks (VPNs). The idea will be implemented after proper testing of various available methodologies. The current strategy for implementation is as follows:. We use certain open source softwares which provide encryption and decryption methods and authentication. In the actual system, the user is asked to enter details of files to be sent and also some other details about the password and the public keys if included. The required software are used in a way which helps to run a smooth process and secure operation. CONTENTS Acknowledgement I owe many thanks to people who helped supported me in doing my dissertation. Firstly, I would like to express my immense gratitude to my respected professor Mr. Dr. XXX, YYYY University, London for his support and motivation that has helped me to come up with this project. He supported me when its needed and suggested me in understanding various methodologies in my project. He also took care of my project with attention to achieve my goal. I thank to my Institution and faculty members for giving me an opportunity to do my dissertation and also for library, computer lab facilities for doing my dissertation to achieve practical results which can resolve my project related issues. I also extend my Heart full thanks to my family friends. I owe my special thanks to my Dad and his colleagues who gave me suggestions on doing my Dissertation. Abstract In the present system the network helps a particular organization to share the data by using external devices. The external devices are used to carry the data. The existing system cannot provide security, which allows an unauthorized user to access the secret files. It also cannot share a single costly printer. Many interrupts may occur within the system. Though it is advantageous we have numerous disadvantageous, somebody writes a program and can make the costly printer to misprint the data. Similarly some unauthorized user may get access over the network and may perform any illegal functions like deleting some of the sensitive information Security is the term that comes into picture when some important or sensitive information must be protected from an unauthorized access. Hence there must be some way to protect the data from them and even if he hacks the information because he should not be able to understand whats the actual information in the file, which is the main intention of the project. The project is designed to protect the sensitive information while it is in transaction in the network. There are many chances that an unauthorized person can have an access over the network in some way and can access this sensitive information. My main topic focuses on IPSec (Internet Protocol Security) is an extension to the IP protocol specified by IETF which provides security to the IP and the upper-layer protocols and cryptography in a network sharing system. It was first developed for the new IPv6 standard and then â€Å"back ported† to IPv4. The IPSec architecture is described in the IPSec uses two different protocols AH (Authentication Header) and ESP (Encapsulating security payload) to ensure the authentication, integrity and confidentiality of the communication. It uses strong cryptography to provide both authentication and encryption services. Authentication ensures that packets are from the right sender and have not been altered in transit. Encryption prevents unauthorised reading of packet contents. [2] Cryptography is the technique used to secure the data while they are in transactions. Encryption and Decryption are two techniques used under cryptography technology. Data cryptography is the art of securing the resource that is shared among the applications. The main idea behind the design is to provide a secured communication between the networks showing network level performance practically by differentiating different operating system which can ensure the security, authenticity by considering, analyzing and testing any best available methodologies. 1. Introduction: Businesses today are focused on the importance of securing customer and business data. Increasing regulatory requirements are driving need for security of data. There have been many methods which have evolved over the years to address the need for security. Many of the methods are focused at the higher layers of the OSI protocol stack, thus compensating the IPs lack in resolving security issues. These solutions can be implemented in certain situations, but they cannot be generalized because they are particularly too many applications. For example, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) can be used for certain applications like World Wide Web access or FTP, but there are many other applications which cannot be resolved with this type of security. A solution is required to allow security at the IP level was very necessary so that all higher-layer protocols in TCP/IP could take advantage of it. When the decision was made to develop a new version of IP (IPv6), this was the golden opportunity to resolve not just the addressing problems in the older IPv4, but also resolve lack of security issues as well. Later a new security technology was developed with IPv6 in mind, but since IPv6 has taken long time to develop, and thus a solution was designed to be usable for both IPv4 and IPv6. The technology which brings a secure communications to the Internet Protocol is known as IP Security, commonly abbreviated as IPSec. IPSec services allow users to build secure tunnels through certain networks. All the data that passes through the entrusted net is encrypted by the IPSEC gateway machine and decrypted by the gateway at the other end. The result obtained is a Virtual Private Network or VPN. This network is effectively private even though it includes machines at several different sites which are connected by the insecure Internet. Cryptography technique is used to secure the data while they are in transactions. Encryption and Decryption are two techniques which are used under cryptography technology. Data cryptography is the art of securing the resource that is shared among the applications. The Encryption and Decryption are termed as two powerful security technologies that are widely implemented to protect the data from loss and deliberate compromise. In this project the networking allows the company to share files or data without using certain external devices. Some unauthorized users may get access over the network and perform some illegal functions in certain cases like deleting files while the transaction is still on at that time encryption and then decryption techniques are implemented to secure the data. Many other attacks in cryptography are considered which lead me to research on different types of IPSec implementation methodologies in order to design the best model such that it may be suitable for the present trend of networking systems also form a platform to enable communication to the outside world. Thus in orders to implement IPSec, certain modifications are required to the systems communications routines and certain new systems processes conduct secret key negotiations. What is IPSec? An extension to the IP protocol is considered as IPSec which provides high level security to the IP and to the upper-layer protocols. This was initially developed for the new IPv6 standard and then was back ported to IPv4. IPSec provides the following security services: data origin authentication, connectionless integrity, replay protection, data confidentiality, limited traffic flow confidentiality, and key negotiation and management. It has been made mandatory by the IETF for the use of IPSec wherever feasible; the standards documents are close to completion, and there are numerous implementations. Overview of IPSec Architecture: The IPSec suite defined as a framework of open standards. The following protocols are used by IPSec to perform various functions. [2][3] IPSec provides three main facilities which are explained below: Internet key exchange(IKE and IKEv2) : This is used to set up a security association (SA) which can be done by handling negotiation of protocols and algorithms and generating the encryption and authentication keys which can be used by IPSec.[4][5] Authentication Header (AH): This is used to provide connectionless integrity and data origin authentication for IP datagrams and also provides protection against replay attacks.[6][7] Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP): This is used to provide confidentiality, data origin authentication, connectionless integrity, anti-replay service, and limited traffic flow confidentiality. [9] Both authentication and encryption are generally desired in this mechanism. Assure that unauthorized users do not penetrate the virtual private network Assure that eavesdroppers on the Internet cannot read messages sent over the virtual private network. Since both the above features are generally desirable, most implementations are likely to use ESP rather than AH. Security Association: The security Association mechanism is used for authentication (AH) and confidentiality (ESP) A one way relationship between a sender and a receiver that affords security services to the traffic carried on it. Security services are afforded to an SA for the use of AH or ESP but not both. SA identified by three parameters: Security Parameter Index (SPI) IP destination address Security protocol identifier Overview of IPSec Services and Functions: IPSec is not only assumed as a single protocol, but is rather considered as a set of services and protocols which provide a complete security solution to the IP network. These services and protocols are combined to provide various types of protection. Since IPSec usually works at the IP layer, it provides protection for any higher layer TCP/IP application or protocol without using any additional security methods, which is considered as a major strength for its implementation. General types of protection services offered by IPSec include: Encryption of user data to achieve privacy. Authentication and message integrity has to be achieved to ensure that it is not changed on route. Protection against certain types of security attacks, such as replay attacks. The ability of the devices to negotiate the security algorithms and keys required in order to meet their security needs. wo security modes called tunnel and transport are implemented to meet the various network needs. Features Benefits: IPSec is observed to be transparent by the end users. The users on the security mechanisms need not be trained. IPSec assures security measures for individuals. There is no requirement to change the software on a user or a server system. Strong security measures are applied to the entire traffic crossing the perimeter. 2. Objective: IPSec is mostly designed in order to encrypt the data between the two systems without any spoofing attacks. It is a key force of defence against internal and external attacks. However, other than these, there are many other security strategies which have prevented the security attacks. The main idea in my research is to provide a better approach to the implementation of IP Security by analyzing the present methodologies. In the implementation of this design, I am also considering different operating systems to provide a better approach towards security which can prove to be good in ideal ways. The design of such an approach is helpful in restricting any unauthorised access to the network and also helps in providing a secure and authenticated access. The main idea behind the design is to provide a secured communication between the networks independent of the operating system which can ensure the security, authenticity by considering, analyzing and testing any two best available methodologies. In my overview of RFCs available in the Internet such as Cryptography the receiver end of a particular communication channel is not aware of the sender unless the sender transmits some information with private and public keys with cipher text which can prove his authenticity. Now the receiver sends the same package with his signature and then the receiver is also authenticated mutually. Attacks may occur in different ways. There are also many ways where in such communications can be detected and using techniques like eavesdropping or sniffing or man in the middle attack. These are the three major problems for secure communications. In my research, I will attempt to design a procedure which can be easily followed in order to overcome such problems. There are many techniques available now which are better than normal communication. The major problem in such techniques is the implementation of man in the middle attack. There have been many advances to try and rectify the problems but there has always been a flaw in the design. My research is to design a system using the current technologies used to encrypt and authenticate. These techniques play a major role in the implementation of IP Security. The major interest would be in areas like encryption, decryption and authentication. Additions will be done to this research as it is implemented. The goal is to use research existing systems and to suggest a system which makes it even hard to break. It is not 100% immune to attacks but the attack may take longer to break the system than the present rate. This system will also be very safe and will be easy to use in daily life rather than something with a dozen processing steps to be followed. 2.2 SCOPE With the rapid development of Multimedia data management technologies over the internet there is need to concern about the internet there is need to concern about the security and privacy of information. In multimedia document, dissipation and sharing of data is becoming a common practice for internet based application and enterprises. As the internet forms the open source the present for all users security Forms the critical issue. Hence the transfer of information over the internet forms the critical issue. At the present situations the cryptographic techniques are used for providing ‘SECURITY. 2.3 PROJECT PERSPECTIVE The project â€Å"Network system for Secure Communication† is totally enhanced with the features that enable us to feel the real-time environment. Todays world is mostly employing the latest networking techniques instead of using stand-alone PCs. IPSec tunnelling or Encryption, information scrambling technology is an important security tool. By properly applying, it can provide a secure communication channel even when the underlying system and network infrastructure is not secure. This is particularly important when data passes through the shared systems or network segments where multiple people may have access to the information. In these situations, sensitive data and especially passwords should be encrypted in order to protect it from unintended disclosure or modification. 2.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM In this system ‘security is the term that comes into picture when some important or sensitive information must be protected from an unauthorized access. Hence there must be some way to protect the data from them and even if he hacks the information, The proposed system provides the ‘security and it does not allow unauthorized users to access the secret files. As per the ISO standards the security parameters are: Confidentiality Authentication Integrity Key distribution Access control CONFIDENTIALITY: Confidentiality is the protection of transmitted data from passive attacks. It can protect the data from unauthorized disclosure. AUTHENTICATION: A process used to verify the integrity of the transmitted data, especially a message. It is the process of proving ones identity to someone else. INTEGRITY: The sender and the receiver want to ensure that the content of their communication is not altered during transmission. KEY DISTRIBUTION: Key distribution can be defined as a term that refers to means of delivering a key to the communicating parties, without allowing others to see the key. ACCESS CONTROL: It is a ability to limit and control the access to host systems and applications via communication links. 3.Literature Review This project emphasis design and evaluates a computer-based system using appropriate process and tools. Most of the industry wide routers in the network implement their functionality in hardware and therefore we believe that hardware based routers are more efficient than a software-based router implementation besides that most of the work is in the research community which will be performed, using software-based routers utilizing off-the-shelf PCs. Various works have to be attempted which evaluates different protocol stack, however none of them use hardware-based routers, has such a wide range of metrics, and none investigated mechanisms. My research methodology emphasis surveys, forums from the internet and articles from IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersorIEEE) a quantitative approach in advance technology. I also consider various other thesis and books which are best suitable for my project. Here following are the network related definitions, and few protocols from application layer, network and internet layer also discussed which actually gives clear idea of understanding the concepts. 3.1 IPSec Standards: IPSec is actually a collection of techniques and protocols; it is not defined in a single Internet standard. Instead, a collection of RFCs defines the architecture, services and specific protocols used in IPSec. Some of the most important of these are shown below: [RFC 2401] Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol (IPSec overview) The main IPSec document describes the architecture and general operation of the technology, and showing how the different components fit together. [RFC 2402] IP Authentication Header It defines the IPSec Authentication Header (AH) protocol used for ensuring data integrity and origin verification. [RFC 2403] The Use of HMAC-MD5-96 within ESP and AH Describes a particular encryption algorithm for use by AH and ESP called Message Digest 5 (MD5), HMAC variant. [RFC 2404] The Use of HMAC-SHA-1-96 within ESP and AH Describes a particular encryption algorithm for use by AH and ESP called Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1), HMAC variant. [RFC 2406] IP Encapsulating and Security payload (ESP) It describes the IPSec Encapsulation Security Payload (ESP) protocol that provides data encryption for confidentiality. [RFC 2408] Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP) It defines methods for exchanging keys and negotiating security associations. [RFC 2409] The Internet Key Exchange (IKE) Describes the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol used to negotiate security associations and exchange keys between devices for secure communications. It is based on ISAKMP and OAKLEY. [RFC 2412] The OAKLEY Key Determination Protocol It describes a generic protocol for key exchange. [RFC 2131] Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) DHCP allows a host to obtain an IP address automatically, as well as to learn additional information about subnet mask, the address of its first-hop router, and the address of its local DNS server. [RFC 2131; RFC 3022] Network Address Translation (NAT)- In an attempt to provide transparent routing to hosts, NAT devices are used to connect an isolated address realm with private unregistered addresses to an external realm with globally unique registered addresses. Domain Name System (DNS): It is a hierarchical naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various other information with domain names assigned to each of the participants. Most importantly, it translates domain names meaningful to humans into the numerical (binary) identifiers associated with networking equipment for the purpose of locating and addressing these devices worldwide. For example, www.example.com translates to 208.77.188.166. Windows Internet Name Service (WINS): It is Microsofts implementation of NetBIOS Name Service (NBNS), a name server and service for NetBIOS computer names. Effectively WINS is to NetBIOS names, like DNS is to domain names in fact its a central mapping of host names to network addresses. Like DNS it is broken into two parts, a Server Service (that manages the encoded Jet Database, server to server replication, service requests, and conflicts) and a TCP/IP Client component which manages the clients registration and renewal of names, and takes care of queries. VPN (Virtual Private Network) : It is a virtual computer network that exists over the top of an existing network. The purpose of a VPN is to allow communications between systems connected to the VPN using an existing shared network infrastructure as the transport, without the VPN network being aware of the existence of the underlying network backbone or without the VPN interfering with other network traffic on the backbone. A VPN between two networks is often referred to as a VPN Tunnel. Most VPN technologies can be separated into two broad categories, Secure VPNs and Trusted VPNs. Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6): It is the next-generation Internet Protocol version designated as the successor to IPv4. It is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworks. The main driving force for the redesign of Internet Protocol was the foreseeable IPv4 address exhaustion. IPv6 was defined in December 1998 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) with the publication of an Internet standard specification, RFC 2460. IPv6 has a vastly larger address space than IPv4. This results from the use of a 128-bit address, whereas IPv4 uses only 32 bits. This expansion provides flexibility in allocating addresses and routing traffic and eliminates the primary need for network address translation (NAT), which gained widespread deployment as an effort to alleviate IPv4 address exhaustion. Due to its security and flexibility entire Internet will be deployed byIPv6 in 2012 as expected. Tunnelling: In computer networks tunnelling protocol (delivery protocol) encapsulates the different payload protocol i.e., It carries a payload over an incompatible delivery-network. It can also provide a secure path through an untrusted network without any data loss. Transport Layer Security (TLS): Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are cryptographic protocols that provide security for communications over networks such as the Internet. TLS and SSL encrypt the segments of network connections at the Transport Layer end-to-end. Encryption: In cryptography, encryption is the process of transforming information (referred to as plaintext) using an algorithm (called cipher) to make it unreadable to anyone except those possessing special knowledge, usually referred to as a key. The result of the process is encrypted information (in cryptography, referred to as cipher text). In many contexts, the word encryption also implicitly refers to the reverse process, decryption. Internet Key Exchange: Internet Key Exchange (IKE or IKEv2) is the protocol used to set up a security association (SA) in the IPSec protocol suite. IKE uses a Diffie-Hellman key exchange to set up a shared session secret, from which cryptographic keys are derived. Public key techniques or, alternatively, a pre-shared key, are used to mutually authenticate the communicating parties. 4.IPSec System Architecture Authentication Header and Encapsulating Security Payload are commonly called â€Å"protocols†, though this is another case where the validity of this term is debatable. They are not really distinct protocols but are implemented as headers that are inserted into IP datagrams, as we will see. They thus do the â€Å"grunt work† of IPSec, and can be used together to provide both authentication and privacy. IPSec protocols: The IPSec protocol family consists of two protocols: Authentication Header (AH) and Encapsulated Security Payload (ESP). Both these protocols are independent IP. AH is the IP protocol 51 and ESP is the IP protocol 50 Authentication Header: This is a member of the IPSec protocol suite. Authentication Header provides connectionless data integrity and data origin authentication of IP packets. Further, it can also provide protection against the replay attacks by using the sliding window technique and by discarding the old packets. Authentication Header also gives protection for the IP payload and all the header fields of an IP datagram. AH generally operates on the stop of IP, by using the IP protocol number 51. An AH packet diagram is shown below which describes how an AH packet can be constructed and interpreted: Field meanings: Next header: This field is an 8-bit field that mainly identifies the type of the next payload obtained after the Authentication Header. The value of this field can be chosen from the set of defined IP Protocol Numbers. RESERVED These fields are usually reserved for the future use. Payload length This defines the size of Authentication Header packet. Sequence number This field represents a monotonically increasing number which is used to prevent certain replay attacks. Security parameters index (SPI) This field is used to identify the security parameters, in combination with the IP address, and then identify the security association techniques implemented with this packet. Authentication data This field contains the integrity check value (ICV) which is necessary to authenticate the packet. This field may also contain padding. Encapsulating Security Payload: ESP which can be expanded as Encapsulating Security Payload is a member belonging of the IPSec protocol suite. IPSec achieves integrity, origin authenticity, and confidentiality protection of packets. This protocol also supports encryption-only and authentication-only configurations. However usage of only encryption technique without authentication is not recommended because it is termed insecure. ESP does not protect the IP packet header like the Authentication Header (AH) does. The packet diagram below shows how an ESP packet is constructed and interpreted: Field meanings: Security paramete

Behind the Arch: The Truth about Drinking :: Alcoholism Drinking Essays

Behind the Arch: The Truth about Drinking at BVU After reading the book, Behind the Arch: The Truth about Drinking at BVU by Chris Allen, Alisa Dixson, Jennifer Durham, Shelley Katzer, Max Kenkel, Teri Kramer, Toby Malavong, and Courtney Weller, I realized that drinking on our BVU campus is a problem. I think that this is a problem on almost all college campuses though. This same group of students could go to almost any campus in the nation and find the same facts I believe. I did however, have some problems with the facts in the story. Some of the facts, to me, seemed almost impossible to be factual. Also, I think that the voiced teacher opinions were not needed in the book as much as they were. The fact that all these professors were once a kid might have been left out in some of these stories. So, at times, when I was reading this book I lost interest. I think that more research and surveying should have taken place before this book was used for classroom purposes. Instead of taking opinions from only non-drinking students and professors that all seemed to say that they have never drank before, the opinions should have been more varied and this book may have been worth taking a look at. Reading is enjoyed by almost everyone when the subject is interesting or factual. When a person is forced to read something, and they start to find patterns of information that seem to not be true, they tend to lose interest. Reading this book lost me almost form the start. Why did all the professors seem to speak of the exact same facts? They said the same facts in opinion, but differing stories would leak a little more true information than others. All of the students’ stories in the book seemed to have the same problem as well. To start the book, the first story started out with a young man and his roommate who chose to stay in their dorm on a Friday night and do their calculus homework. This isn’t a bad story, but if this book is aimed for us to understand how much drinking was going on around our campus, then why didn’t they start the story with someone who is drinking. How can a reader get the full truth about drinking, if they are interviewing kids that do not even participate in partying or drinking, not even socially?

Mungo Man

History Assignment – Mungo Man The discoveries at Lake Mungo are potentially the most important discoveries made in Australia, if not the world. The skeletal remains uncovered a world that we know very little about. They gave us an insight to the burial practices of the earliest people for both males and females of the time. The skeletal remains were subject to numerous forms of dating, but primarily radiocarbon dating or C-14 dating. Mungo I also known as Mungo woman or LM1 was the first skeleton to be discovered at the site. In 1968 geologist Jim Bowler was conducting research on the Willandra Lakes region, more specifically Lake Mungo. His original intention for the site was to study the Pleistocene layers of the area, looking at the ancient geography of the land. However in one of the lunettes (extended, crescent shaped sand ridges) he happened to notice a bone fragment protruding from an exposed calcrete block. Upon closer inspection he realised that it was not animal but human. Bowler marked the site with a peg for further excavation by archaeologists. Similarly in 1974 Jim also discovered Mungo III/LM3, this time dubbed Mungo Man. His skeleton was discovered after a prolonged period of rain in 1973. The rain has eroded the outer layers of the dirt to reveal a carbonated human skull. These remains were discovered just some 500m from the site of Mungo I. Again marked and excavated later on by archaeologist. Mungo I was the remains of a woman. She was described as a gracile woman, with fine bones and features. She was not found as a whole intact skeleton, rather 175 bone fragments. It was concluded that she was cremated; the charring of the bone fragments supported this theory. From this primary evidence we can hypothesise that the people of the time believed in the ritual passing of an individual, that the deceased should have a physical recognition of the change between the worldly life and the afterlife. We can also guess that from this they had some sort of belief system. Mungo III is an example of how the people of his time treated the males in the society. Instead of the cremation seen in Mungo Woman, this male, again gracile in appearance was instead buried in the ground. Again there is evidence of a ritual burial in the way he was laid. His hands were clasped together and red ochre sprinkled over the body. This arrangement of the body again demonstrates a belief in passing to another world by making the body presentable to this other world. There were numerous ways that the remains have been dated. By using the dated layers that the bones were found in and C-14 dating we are able to get a fairly accurate estimate of when these people were buried. Other ways included electron spin resonance dating, uranium-thorium dating, optically stimulated luminescence dating and thermoluminescence dating. Paleoanthropologists, or people who specialise in studying ancient humans by looking at human fossil primary evidence carried all of these dating methods out. When first discovered in 1968 and 1974 Jim Bowler was able to use his own scientific field of geomorphology. By using the already dated layers that the bones were found in he was able to produce and estimate time of burial. He estimated the bones of LM1 to be around 40,000 years ago and LM3 to around 32,000 years ago. He was able compare the strata of the area and the two skeletons to come up with these estimations. Archaeologists soon came in in the years following each discovery to uncover the remains. After Archaeologists had removed the bones they were handed over to paleoanthropologists and aboriginal peoples for proper testing. The first and most commonly known dating method that they used on the skeletons was radiocarbon or C-14 dating. The second way that archaeologists were able to date the Lake Mungo remains was by electron spin resonance dating. Also known as ESR dating, this method of dating the archaeologist/scientist looks to the radiation damage of bones (mostly teeth) by looking at the amount of radiation an object has been subject to whilst under ground. ESR dating works best on animal teeth so even though the results are still plausible it provided a much larger date area. The results reached showed the conclusion that the bones were around 31, 000 years old for Mungo Man give or take 7, 000 years. This of course would bring the reliability of this method down. Another dating technique they used on the skeletal remains was uranium-thorium dating. Instead of looking at how much of a particular substance is missing uranium-thorium dating records the accumulation of equilibrium between the isotope thorium-230 and its radioactive parent uranium-234. It is useful for determining the age of objects containing calcium carbonate, like bone. This was combined with optically stimulated luminescence dating, where you uncover when the material was last exposed to light to bring an estimate of 62,000 years ago for Mungo III Â ± 6,000 years. This caused controversy and confusion though as the surrounding earth was dated only to 43,000 years. This questions the reliability of these results as not all the facts interlink with each other. While individually these dating methods are quite reliable combined they produce relatively farfetched results. Thermoluminescence dating works in a similar way to optically stimulated luminescence dating in that it measures when it was last exposed to light but also when it was last exposed to heat. By using this technique the bones were dated to no more than 24,600 Â ±2,400 years but no less than 43,300 Â ±3,800 years ago.

Sociology Forrest Gump Essay - 809 Words

Forest Gump Despite his low IQ, Forrest Gump leads a truly charmed life, taking part in many of the most memorable events in his lifetime. Without trying, Forrest teaches Elvis Presley to dance, becomes a football star, meets John F. Kennedy, serves with honor in Vietnam, meets Lyndon Johnson, speaks at an anti-war rally at the Washington Monument, hangs out with the Yippies, defeats the Chinese national team in table tennis, meets Richard Nixon, discovers the break-in at the Watergate, opens a profitable shrimping business, becomes an original investor in Apple Computers, and decides to run back and forth across the country for several years. Meanwhile, as his life goes by, Forrest never forgets about Jenny, the girl he loved since a†¦show more content†¦Bubba came from a shrimping community in Alabama so he related his life back to shrimping. The movie Forrest Gump is a prime example of the southern way of living, from the way they speak to what they eat. Forrest Gump was born with a low IQ and a spine condition that impaired his ability to walk. This made him stand out in the small town of Elliott 3 Greenbow, Alabama. The people of slow paced Greenbow were not used to any kind of change or someone who is considered different than the norm. Growing up, Forrest did not fit in to the social norms of his town. Social norms are described as laws that govern society’s behaviors. Although these norms are not considered to be formal laws within society, they still work to create a great deal of social control. It is important to note that what is considered â€Å"normal† is relative to the location and culture in which the norms are taking place. Because Forrest did not fit into the norms of his community he was labeled as an outcast. He was often made fun of by other children for having leg braces and being mentally slower than the others. Due to his mental disabilities, Forrest becomes the victim of academic and social discrimination, which his mother fights desperately to resolve. At first, Forrest was denied entrance to his local school. His mama refused to send Forres t to a school to â€Å"retread tires† and went to great extents to force him into the normal school. After being able toShow MoreRelatedThe Social Imagination of Forrest Gump1653 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sociological Imagination of Forrest Gump OR The Sociological Imagination Concept As Illustrated by the Movie, Forrest Gump What is sociological imagination? Our textbook describes sociological imagination as the ability to see our private experiences, personal difficulties, and achievements as, in part, a reflection of the structural arrangements of society and the times in which we live. The movie entitled Forrest Gump is a great example of sociological imagination. In this paper, I willRead MoreForrest Gump Movie: An Analysis1719 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Forrest Gump Movie: An Analysis Forrest Gump (film 1994), is an American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Robert Zemeckis, narrated and starred by Tom Hanks. The story revolved around a slow-witted but exceptionally gifted person, Forrest Gump, who happened to have participated to the many significant events that occurred in the later period of the 20th century, from 1945 to 1982. The plot started in a bus stop where Forrest Gump shared his life story with strangers who sat beside himRead MoreHippies : The American Hippies1787 Words   |  8 Pagesdescribing on how they were feeling. They loved going to the concerts where they could be them-selves and be open on how they wanted to dance and sing. The hippies started their own beliefs and culture practices. Michael Brake wrote the book The Sociology of the Youth Culture and Youth Subculture, and in the book, he was telling the side of a hippy. Young teens were labeled in different ways, and criticized by elderly or older ones (Brake, pg.1-25). Hippies felt i t was a social problem with the world